A Guide to Vertebrates and Invertebrates

Animal classification is a matter of sorting out similarities and differences, of placing animals in groups and then breaking those groups apart into subgroups. The whole endeavor creates a structure—a hierarchy in which the large high-level groups sort out bold and obvious differences, while the low-level groups tease apart subtle, almost imperceptible, variations. This sorting process enables scientists to describe evolutionary relationships, identify shared traits, and highlight unique characteristics down through the various levels of animal groups and subgroups.

Among the most basic criteria by which animals are sorted is whether or not they possess a backbone. This single trait places an animal into one of just two groups: the vertebrates or the invertebrates and represents a fundamental division among all animals alive today as well as those that have long ago disappeared. If we are to know anything about an animal, we should first aim to determine whether it is an invertebrate or a vertebrate. We'll then be on our way to understanding its place within the animal world.

What are Vertebrates?

Vertebrates (Subphylum Vertebrata) are animals that possess an internal skeleton (endoskeleton) that includes a backbone made up of a column of vertebrae (Keeton, 1986:1150). The Subphylum Vertebrata is a group within the Phylum Chordata (commonly called the 'chordates') and as such inherits the characteristics of all chordates:

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Facts About Invertebrates

By Bob Strauss

• bilateral symmetry
• body segmentation
• endoskeleton (bony or cartilaginous)
• pharyngeal pouches (present during some stage of development)
• complete digestive system
• ventral heart
• closed blood system
• tail (at some stage of development)

In addition to the traits listed above, vertebrates possess one additional trait that makes them unique among chordates: the presence of a backbone. There are a few groups of chordates that do not possess a backbone (these organisms are not vertebrates and are instead referred to as invertebrate chordates).

The animal classes that are vertebrates include:

• Jawless fish (Class Agnatha)
• Armored fish (Class Placodermi) - extinct
• Cartilaginous fish (Class Chondrichthyes)
• Bony fish (Class Osteichthyes)
• Amphibians (Class Amphibia)
• Reptiles (Class Reptilia)
• Birds (Class Aves)
• Mammals (Class Mammalia)

What are Invertebrates?

Invertebrates are a broad collection of animal groups (they do not belong to a single subphylum like the vertebrates) all of which lack a backbone. Some (not all) of the animal groups that are invertebrates include:

• Sponges (Phylum Porifera)
• Jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones, corals (Phylum Cnidaria)
• Comb jellies (Phylum Ctenophora)
• Flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes)
• Mollusks (Phylum Mollusca)
• Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda)
• Segmented worms (Phylum Annelida)
• Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata)

In total, there are at least 30 groups of invertebrates that scientists have identified to date. A vast proportion, 97 percent, of animal species alive today are invertebrates. The earliest of all animals to have evolved were invertebrates and the various forms that have developed during their long evolutionary past is highly diverse. All invertebrates are ectotherms, that is they do not produce their own body heat but instead acquire it from their environment.